英语小升初考试中常考的短文类型主要有以下几种：

1. 寓言故事 ：这类短文通常通过动物或自然界的现象来传达某种道理或教训。例如，有这样一个故事：一只乌鸦口渴了，它找到一个水罐，但水位太低，它的喙够不到。乌鸦没有放弃，它想出了一个办法，通过往水罐里扔石头，使水位逐渐上升，最终能够喝到水。

2. 日常生活描述 ：这类短文描述学生的日常生活、学习环境或兴趣爱好。例如，有学生描述自己的房间，包括床、桌子、椅子等家具的摆放，以及自己的学校生活，如教室的设施、图书馆和花园等。

3. 个人感受与经历 ：这类短文表达学生对某个季节、动物或事物的喜爱和感受。例如，有学生描述自己最喜欢的季节，提到春天的美丽景色和户外活动。

4. 人物介绍 ：这类短文介绍一个人物，包括其外貌、性格、爱好等。例如，有学生描述自己的好朋友，提到她的职业和家庭背景。

5. 环境保护 ：这类短文强调保护环境的重要性，介绍一些环保行动或措施。例如，有学生描述自己如何照顾家里的宠物，或者描述城市的环境和名胜古迹。

6. 学校生活 ：这类短文描述学生在学校的日常活动和学习情况。例如，有学生描述自己一天的生活，从早上起床到晚上回家，包括上课、做作业和与朋友玩耍等。

这些短文类型旨在考察学生的英语基础知识和能力，包括词汇、语法、阅读理解、写作等方面。建议学生在备考过程中，多读一些适合自己水平的短文，注意积累词汇和表达方式，提高阅读理解能力和写作水平。

以下是英语小升初常考的短文范文：

1. 描述朋友的作文：I have a best friend. She has long straight black hair, big black eyes and a small nose. She is very thin and kind, she is cute too. Her English and Chinese is very good. She is hard-working. She favorite season is summer, because it’s hot ,she can eat ice-cream. She like playing the piano ,reading books and singing songs. Who’s she? She is my best friend—Sun MengQi. She has a very good English name, too—Angle.

2. 描述家庭的作文：This is my family. There are four people in my family. My grandmother, my father, my mother and me. My grandmother has short white hair. She looks very nice. My father has short black hair and small eyes. He looks very fat, so I often call him fat man . He works at a factory. My mother works at a L.D.T. My mother has long black hair. She likes sports and traveling, so I often go on sports with my mother. On holidays my family often go to travel. I study at Guiyuan Primary School. We are very happy.

3. 自我介绍的英语作文：Hello, everyone! My name is He Xuan, my English name is Angle. Do you know what Angle means? It means angel! I hope I will be as happy as an angel every day, without any worries! Now I am in Grade Six, facing the challenge of entering middle school. My parents, grandparents, teachers, and classmates all have high expectations for me. I will not disappoint their expectations, but work hard to get into a key class in junior high school, and become a pillar of society in the future, contributing to our country!

4. 表达感谢的作文：Last week I saw a young man giving up his seat to a woman with a baby in her arms on a bus. To my great surprise, the woman did not thank the young man; on the contrary, she glared at him coldly, which made him embarrassed. This incident set me thinking. If everyone acted like that woman, who would like to help others? And what would our society be like? If someone helps you, you should show your sincere gratitude to him or her. Only in this way will everyone be willing to help others and find satisfaction in it.

这些范文涵盖了不同的话题，包括描述朋友、家庭、自我介绍以及表达感谢等，可以帮助考生更好地准备小升初英语考试。